Materials, Structures, and Applications of iTENGs

Implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (iTENG) have emerged as a promising technology for self-powered biomedical devices. This review explores the key aspects of materials, structures, and representative applications iTENGs. The materials section discusses core layer, electrode encapsulation emphasizing importance biocompatibility mechanical flexibility. structural design delves into three common modes: contact–separation mode, single-electrode free-standing highlighting their working principles advantages. application covers diverse areas such cardiac devices, sterilization processes, anticancer therapies, showcasing potential iTENGs to revolutionize healthcare. Moreover, it challenges future directions material development, optimization, conformal matching, practical implementation comprehensive provides valuable insights iTENGs, serving resource researchers engineers in field.